Lithium batteries could last longer in extreme cold, space with low-temperature electrolytes

Researchers from Chang’an University and Queensland University of Technology have conducted a comprehensive review on improving lithium-ion battery (LIB) performance in extreme cold environments by developing low-temperature (LT) electrolytes. Their work, published in Springer Nature, outlines innovative strategies including lithium salt molecular design, solvent matrix optimization, interfacial engineering additives, and gel-polymer composite electrolytes to maintain battery function at subzero temperatures. The study covers various electrolyte types—ester-based, ether-based, nitrile-based, and gel-polymer systems—highlighting how properties like freezing point and dielectric constant influence lithium-ion solvation and battery performance. Notably, machine learning models trained on over 150,000 molecular candidates have accelerated electrolyte discovery by accurately predicting key properties such as melting point and viscosity. The team emphasizes the role of machine learning-guided formulation strategies that enable high-throughput virtual screening and structure–property relationship predictions, facilitating rapid development of LT electrolytes. These AI-assisted approaches have identified non-fluorinated ethers