Thermodynamic limits surpassed with quantum energy-harvesting method

Japanese researchers have developed a novel quantum energy-harvesting method that surpasses traditional thermodynamic efficiency limits by exploiting non-thermal quantum states. Their approach utilizes a non-thermal Tomonaga-Luttinger (TL) liquid—a one-dimensional electron system that resists thermalization and retains high-energy quantum states instead of distributing heat evenly. By directing waste heat from a quantum point contact transistor into this TL liquid, the team demonstrated significantly higher electrical voltage generation and improved energy conversion efficiency compared to conventional quasi-thermalized systems. The researchers supported their experimental findings with a theoretical model based on a binary Fermi distribution, showing that their method can exceed classical efficiency boundaries such as the Carnot and Curzon-Ahlborn limits. This breakthrough highlights the potential of non-thermal quantum states as sustainable energy resources, enabling more efficient low-power electronics and advancing quantum computing technologies. The study suggests that waste heat from quantum devices and electronics could be effectively recycled into usable power, paving the way for next-generation energy-har