Articles tagged with "superconducting-magnets"
World’s largest stellarator fusion power design gets funding boost
Type One Energy, a fusion startup backed by Bill Gates, has secured $87 million in new funding to advance its stellarator fusion power design, bringing its total venture investment to over $160 million. The company is developing Infinity One, the world’s largest and most advanced stellarator testbed, located at a former fossil plant site in Clinton, Tennessee. This project aims to demonstrate improved manufacturing, construction, and commissioning processes using advanced methods, while verifying key fusion technologies such as modular high-temperature superconducting magnets, plasma performance with a metallic first wall, reduced plasma heat loss, and enhanced exhaust efficiency. Stellarators are highlighted as one of the most promising fusion concepts due to their stable, steady-state operation and predictable plasma performance, which reduces risks associated with commercial fusion power. Type One Energy leverages modern computational physics and high-performance computing to optimize the complex three-dimensional magnetic fields required for stellarator operation. The company is currently raising a $250 million Series B round at a $900 million valuation,
energyfusion-powerstellaratorsuperconducting-magnetsadvanced-manufacturingsustainable-energypower-generationUS energy company installs first magnet for Sparc fusion reactor
Commonwealth Fusion Systems (CFS) announced a significant milestone at CES 2026 with the installation of the first of 18 powerful D-shaped magnets for its Sparc fusion reactor, a demonstration device aimed for activation next year. Each magnet weighs about 24 tons and generates a 20-tesla magnetic field, roughly 13 times stronger than a standard MRI machine. These magnets will form a doughnut-shaped structure to confine plasma heated to over 180 million degrees Fahrenheit, cooled to -423°F to safely conduct over 30,000 amps of current. The reactor’s cryostat, a 24-foot-wide stainless steel circle weighing 75 tons, was installed in March, and the magnets will be assembled throughout the first half of 2026. To optimize reactor performance, CFS is collaborating with Nvidia and Siemens to develop a digital twin of Sparc, integrating real-time simulations with the physical reactor. This digital twin will enable virtual testing and parameter adjustments, reducing trial-and-error in
energyfusion-energyfusion-reactordigital-twinsuperconducting-magnetsclean-energynuclear-fusionCommonwealth Fusion Systems installs reactor magnet, lands deal with Nvidia
Commonwealth Fusion Systems (CFS) announced the installation of the first of 18 powerful magnets for its Sparc fusion reactor, a demonstration device aimed to be operational by next year. These 24-ton, D-shaped magnets will generate a 20 tesla magnetic field—about 13 times stronger than a typical MRI machine—by being cooled to -253˚C to safely conduct over 30,000 amps of current. The magnets will be arranged in a doughnut shape within a 75-ton stainless steel cryostat, designed to confine and compress plasma heated to over 100 million degrees Celsius. The goal is for the plasma to release more energy than is required to heat and compress it, potentially unlocking nearly limitless clean energy. To optimize Sparc’s performance and accelerate development, CFS is collaborating with Nvidia and Siemens to create a digital twin of the reactor. This digital twin will integrate various simulations and real-time data, allowing the team to run experiments and adjust parameters virtually before applying them
energyfusion-powersuperconducting-magnetsdigital-twinclean-energyplasma-confinementCommonwealth-Fusion-SystemsEvery fusion startup that has raised over $100M
The article highlights the recent surge in private investment and technological progress in fusion energy startups, which have moved fusion power from a distant dream to a more tangible prospect. Advances in computing power, AI, and high-temperature superconducting magnets have enabled more sophisticated reactor designs and better control of fusion reactions. A key milestone was achieved at the end of 2022 when a U.S. Department of Energy lab produced a controlled fusion reaction that reached scientific breakeven, proving the viability of the underlying science. This breakthrough has energized private fusion companies to accelerate development toward commercial fusion power plants that could disrupt trillion-dollar energy markets. Two leading fusion startups that have each raised over $100 million are Commonwealth Fusion Systems (CFS) and TAE Technologies. CFS, based in Massachusetts and closely affiliated with MIT, has raised nearly $3 billion to develop its Sparc tokamak reactor, which uses high-temperature superconducting magnets to contain plasma and aims to be operational by 2026 or 2027. CFS
energyfusion-powernuclear-fusionsuperconducting-magnetspower-plantsrenewable-energyenergy-startupsChina: World’s fastest maglev hits 435 mph in 2 seconds, sets record
China has achieved a major breakthrough in magnetic levitation (maglev) technology by accelerating a 1.1-ton superconducting maglev vehicle to 700 km/h (435 mph) in just two seconds on a 400-meter test track. This record-setting test, conducted by researchers at the National University of Defence Technology and broadcast by CCTV, demonstrated unprecedented control over extreme acceleration and braking forces. The success addresses key technical challenges such as ultra-high-speed electromagnetic propulsion, electric suspension guidance, transient high-power energy storage inversion, and high-field superconducting magnets, positioning China as a global leader in ultra-high-speed maglev development. Beyond rail transport, the technology has potential applications in aerospace, including assisting rocket launches and aircraft takeoffs by providing powerful ground-based acceleration, which could reduce fuel consumption during critical phases of flight. It also offers a platform for simulating extreme-speed conditions for aerospace testing, enabling more cost-effective evaluation of materials and equipment. The project reflects a decade of focused development, with prior milestones
energysuperconducting-magnetselectromagnetic-propulsionmaglev-technologyhigh-speed-transportenergy-storagematerials-testingWorld’s largest cryogenic refrigerator gets giant cold boxes at CERN
CERN has recently installed two massive cold boxes at the ATLAS and CMS experiment sites as part of the upgraded cryogenic system for the High-Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC), scheduled to begin operations around 2030. These cold boxes, each 16 meters long and 3.5 meters in diameter, were manufactured by Linde in Germany and transported via a complex route involving river barges and road transport. Their installation follows the earlier placement of six compression units and is critical to increasing the cooling capacity needed for the HL-LHC, which will feature more powerful focusing magnets and new cavities generating higher thermal loads. The existing LHC is already the world’s largest cryogenic installation, maintaining 23 kilometers of its 27-kilometer ring at 1.9 kelvin (-271 °C) using superfluid helium refrigerators. To support the HL-LHC’s increased luminosity and associated thermal demands, two additional large refrigerators are being added to the eight units currently
energycryogenicscooling-systemssuperconducting-magnetshelium-refrigerationparticle-physicsLarge-Hadron-ColliderThea Energy previews Helios, its pixel-inspired fusion power plant
Thea Energy is developing a novel fusion power plant design called Helios, which aims to overcome key challenges in fusion energy production by using a unique approach to magnetic confinement. Unlike traditional stellarators that rely on complex, irregularly shaped magnets difficult to mass-produce, Thea’s design employs arrays of small, identical superconducting magnets controlled individually by specialized software. This "virtual" stellarator concept allows the company to rapidly iterate on magnet designs and use software to compensate for manufacturing and installation imperfections, potentially reducing the high costs and precision demands that have hindered fusion power development. Thea’s control system, based on electromagnetic physics and enhanced with AI through reinforcement learning, has demonstrated resilience even when magnets were deliberately misaligned or made from defective materials. This flexibility could enable the construction of fusion reactors without the extreme precision typically required, lowering barriers to commercialization. The company has shared detailed physics and design information publicly and is working toward building a working prototype. If successful, Thea’s approach could significantly reduce the
energyfusion-powerstellaratorsuperconducting-magnetsclean-energypower-plantplasma-confinementUK scientists' new facility to boost fusion effort for clean energy goal
UK Atomic Energy Authority (UKAEA) researchers have launched a new facility named ELSA at their Fusion Technology Facility in South Yorkshire to advance fusion energy research. ELSA simulates extreme cryogenic temperatures similar to those inside fusion reactors to test the durability and electrical resistance of remountable joints (RMJs), which are essential components in the toroidal field coils of tokamaks. These RMJs allow rapid maintenance access during plant operations and are critical to the success of the UK’s Spherical Tokamak for Energy Production (STEP) programme, a prototype fusion power plant planned for West Burton with a target operational date of 2040. The facility focuses on testing high-temperature superconducting (HTS) magnet technologies, aiming to achieve ultra-low electrical resistance to reduce energy consumption and operational costs, thereby supporting the commercial viability of fusion energy. UKAEA engineers emphasize that ELSA’s location near STEP’s site and advanced manufacturing hubs will accelerate development of these critical technologies. The STEP project is expected
energyfusion-energysuperconducting-magnetscryogenic-technologyfusion-researchremountable-jointsUK-Atomic-Energy-AuthorityPhotos: World’s biggest fusion reactor adds over 1,200-ton module in major progress
On November 25, ITER made significant progress in assembling the world’s largest fusion reactor by successfully installing the third vacuum vessel sector module, known as sector module #5, into the tokamak pit. This nearly 1,213-ton component represents one of nine 40° sections that form the plasma chamber, each including a vacuum vessel sector, thermal shield, and superconducting magnets essential for plasma shaping and stabilization during fusion experiments. Notably, sector #5 was the first European-built module installed, presenting new challenges that required precise coordination and planning. A key achievement during this installation was the reduction of the offset between adjacent modules from 100 mm in a previous installation to just about 10 mm, reflecting improved precision and teamwork. The operation also tested the vacuum vessel gravity support system, successfully aligning the module’s connection point with the support structure, a critical step for future module placements. As the pit becomes more crowded with modules, maintaining tight installation margins is vital for safety and efficiency. With sector #
energyfusion-reactorITERvacuum-vesselsuperconducting-magnetsplasma-chamberenergy-technologyJapan's FAST nuclear fusion project releases compact tokamak design
Japan’s FAST (Fusion by Advanced Superconducting Tokamak) nuclear fusion project, led by Starlight Engine and Kyoto Fusioneering, has completed its conceptual design phase just one year after launching in November 2024. The project centers on a compact, low-aspect-ratio tokamak designed to generate and sustain burning plasma using a deuterium-tritium fuel mix, targeting a fusion output of about 50 MW. Unlike experimental reactors focused solely on plasma physics, FAST integrates power generation systems, fuel breeding cycles, and heat extraction into a single operational unit, aiming to demonstrate commercial viability by the 2030s. Key innovations in the FAST design include the use of high-temperature superconducting (HTS) magnets, liquid breeding blanket systems, and efficient tritium fuel cycle technologies. The compact size enabled by HTS coils reduces manufacturing time and costs while enabling high-pressure plasma generation. The project also plans to test advanced components such as innovative divertors and new materials in future
energynuclear-fusiontokamaksuperconducting-magnetsplasma-physicstritium-fuel-cycleenergy-conversionWorld-first super magnet breakthrough key to commercial nuclear fusion
UK-based Tokamak Energy has achieved a world-first breakthrough by successfully replicating fusion power plant magnetic fields within its Demo4 system, marking the first full High Temperature Superconducting (HTS) magnet configuration to do so. The Demo4 system generated magnetic field strengths of 11.8 Tesla at -243°C, handling seven million ampere-turns of current through its central column. This milestone validates a critical technical solution for commercial fusion energy, demonstrating system-level performance in a complex magnetic environment akin to that in operational fusion reactors. The system includes 14 toroidal and two poloidal field magnets, enabling engineers to study fusion-relevant forces and gain confidence in scaling HTS technology for future energy-producing fusion plants. Beyond fusion, the breakthrough highlights the broader commercial potential of HTS materials, which offer about 200 times the current density of copper and can be used in power distribution, electric motors for zero-emission flight, and magnetic levitation transport. These magnets are smaller, lighter, and
energyfusion-energysuperconducting-magnetshigh-temperature-superconductorsclean-energytokamakmagnetic-fieldsUS' stealthy submarine could be built with key tech from Tokamak Energy
The article discusses a collaboration between British fusion energy company Tokamak Energy and U.S. defense contractor General Atomics to develop advanced high-temperature superconducting (HTS) magnet technology for next-generation undersea magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) pumps. These pumps use electromagnetic fields to propel seawater without any rotating mechanical parts, enabling submarines to operate with significantly reduced noise and enhanced stealth. Tokamak Energy is responsible for the simulation, design, and fabrication of the HTS magnets, leveraging its proprietary modeling tools and extensive magnet testing rooted in its fusion energy research. This technology represents a significant advancement in submarine propulsion by addressing previous limitations in magnet and electrode performance. General Atomics will integrate the magnet system with auxiliary components and collaborate with HRL Laboratories, which is developing novel electrode materials under DARPA’s PUMP program. Together, these efforts aim to create a powerful, silent, and efficient MHD drive that could revolutionize undersea military capabilities by enhancing reliability and stealth. The project highlights the
energyfusion-energysuperconducting-magnetsmagnetohydrodynamic-pumpssubmarine-propulsionclean-energy-technologyadvanced-materials440-ton field coil box delivered for world’s largest fusion magnet system
Shanghai Electric has successfully delivered the world’s largest toroidal field magnet coil box, a critical component for China’s fusion energy efforts. Weighing approximately 880,000 pounds and made from ultra-low-temperature austenitic steel, the coil box surpasses similar components used in France’s ITER project in both size and weight. The development process took five years and involved overcoming significant technical challenges, including advanced welding techniques on steel up to 14 inches thick, combining high-thickness laser welding with ultra-deep narrow-gap tungsten inert gas welding and phased array non-destructive testing to ensure precision. This achievement not only advances China’s capabilities in fusion technology but also supports the establishment of a comprehensive industrial supply chain for fusion energy. The innovations derived from this project have potential applications beyond fusion, including aerospace, energy equipment, shipbuilding, and offshore engineering. Additionally, the Institute of Plasma Physics at the Chinese Academy of Sciences is nearing completion of the Comprehensive Research Facility for Fusion Technology (CRAFT), designed to address
energyfusion-energysuperconducting-magnetsindustrial-supply-chainadvanced-manufacturingfusion-technologyITEREurope’s first full design of commercial fusion power plant unveiled
Gauss Fusion, a Berlin-based company, has unveiled Europe’s first full conceptual design for a commercial fusion power plant, named GIGA. The Conceptual Design Report (CDR), spanning over a thousand pages, addresses all critical systems and industrial challenges necessary to transition fusion from scientific research to practical energy production. It covers the plant’s architecture, safety, system engineering, lifecycle operations, and radioactive waste management. The report represents three years of collaborative work by hundreds of European specialists, demonstrating that the technologies, materials, and supply chains required for fusion power are within reach. The CDR also establishes a cost and schedule framework for building the first commercial fusion reactor, estimating an investment of €15-18 billion to achieve operational status by the mid-2040s. Gauss Fusion emphasizes a rigorous project management approach, including risk management and performance metrics, to improve outcomes. Key industrial challenges addressed include developing a closed tritium fuel cycle and mastering advanced superconducting magnets and materials capable of withstanding extreme
energyfusion-powercommercial-fusion-plantsuperconducting-magnetsadvanced-materialsenergy-technologyindustrial-challengesWorld’s largest fusion reactor hits magnet feeder gallery milestone
The ITER fusion project has achieved a significant milestone with the installation of the 62nd and final "gallery" component of its magnet feeder system. These components are critical for the operation of the superconducting magnets, as they transport cryogenic fluids, power, and instrumentation from the warm exterior environment to the magnets operating at extremely low temperatures (-270°C). The magnet feeder system is a large-scale installation within the Tokamak Complex, consisting of nearly 100 components weighing around 1,600 tonnes, with some feeders extending up to 40 meters in length. The system includes 31 components that supply the toroidal, poloidal, central solenoid, and correction magnet coils. The assembly team distinguishes between two types of feeder segments: "gallery" components located outside the cryostat and "in-cryostat" segments inside the cryostat that connect directly to the magnets. The recent completion of the gallery portion involved installing all 31 coil termination boxes and 31 cryostat feedthroughs, marking a
energyfusion-reactorITERmagnet-feeder-systemsuperconducting-magnetscryogenic-fluidsTokamakChina's BEST fusion reactor moves closer to power generation goal
China's Burning Plasma Experimental Superconducting Tokamak (BEST) fusion reactor has reached a significant construction milestone with the installation of the Dewar base, a massive vacuum-insulated vessel critical for maintaining the cryogenic temperatures needed by the reactor’s superconducting magnets. Weighing over 400 tonnes and measuring 18 meters in diameter, the Dewar base is the largest vacuum component ever produced in China’s fusion research field. This installation lays the foundation for assembling the reactor’s core systems and is essential for confining plasma heated to over 100 million degrees Celsius, a key step toward achieving the project’s goal of generating electricity from fusion by 2030, initially aiming to power a light bulb. This progress places China’s BEST reactor among the leading global fusion projects, which aim not only to sustain fusion plasma but also to convert fusion energy into practical electricity generation. The development occurs alongside international efforts such as the ITER project in France, where superconducting wire testing and advanced diagnostic tools are advancing fusion research
energynuclear-fusionsuperconducting-magnetsfusion-reactorpower-generationcryogenicsplasma-confinementWorld's top 10 fastest trains pushing the limits of speed on tracks
The article highlights the world’s top 10 fastest trains as of 2025, emphasizing their groundbreaking speeds and technological innovations that are reshaping rail travel globally. Leading the list is France’s TGV POS/Euroduplex family, which holds the steel-wheel speed record at 575 km/h (357 mph) achieved during a 2007 test and operates efficiently across multiple European countries with advanced power systems. Japan’s JR SCMaglev L0 Series, although not yet in commercial service, promises to become the fastest train upon its 2034 launch, with a commercial speed of 505 km/h (314 mph) and a record crewed speed of 603 km/h (374 mph), drastically cutting travel time between Tokyo and Osaka. China features prominently with several entries: the Shanghai Maglev, the fastest commercial maglev at 460 km/h (286 mph); the CR450 Fuxing prototype targeting a 450 km/h design speed and expected operational debut around 2026-202
energyhigh-speed-trainsmaglev-technologysustainable-transportationpower-systemsrail-innovationsuperconducting-magnetsEvery fusion startup that has raised over $100M
The article highlights the recent surge in private investment and technological progress in fusion energy startups, which are moving fusion power closer to commercial viability after decades of skepticism. Advances in computing power, AI, and high-temperature superconducting magnets have enabled more sophisticated reactor designs and control methods. A key milestone was achieved in late 2022 when a U.S. Department of Energy lab produced a controlled fusion reaction that reached scientific breakeven, confirming the fundamental science behind fusion energy. This breakthrough has energized founders and investors, fueling rapid growth and large funding rounds in the fusion startup space. Among the leading companies, Commonwealth Fusion Systems (CFS) stands out, having raised nearly $3 billion, about a third of all private fusion capital. CFS is developing Sparc, a tokamak reactor with high-temperature superconducting magnets designed in collaboration with MIT, aiming for operation by 2026-2027. They plan to follow with Arc, a commercial-scale 400 MW power plant, with Google as a power
energyfusion-powernuclear-fusionclean-energysuperconducting-magnetspower-plantsrenewable-energy-technologySix 270,000-lb modules that can help power fusion at ITER developed
General Atomics (GA), a San Diego-based company, has completed the development of the Central Solenoid Modules, which constitute the largest and most powerful pulsed superconducting magnet ever built. These six modules, each weighing over 270,000 pounds, took more than two years each to fabricate and were produced at GA’s Magnet Technologies Center in Poway, California. Once shipped to the ITER fusion facility under construction in southern France, the modules will be stacked to form a massive system over 18 meters tall, weighing more than 1,000 tons. This milestone marks a significant technical achievement for the U.S. and positions GA at the forefront of global fusion innovation. The Central Solenoid will play a critical role in powering fusion reactions at ITER, an international fusion science project. GA’s successful completion of this 15-year-long project demonstrates the company’s advanced engineering capabilities and the strength of its specialized global supply chain. Beyond ITER, the expertise gained will support future fusion technologies and other applications involving
energyfusion-energysuperconducting-magnetsITERGeneral-Atomicsmagnetic-fusionenergy-innovationHow China’s CHSN01 super steel could shrink fusion reactors, cut costs
China has developed a new high-strength steel alloy, CHSN01, designed to revolutionize fusion reactor construction by enabling smaller, more cost-effective tokamaks. Traditional fusion projects like ITER have relied on cryogenic stainless steels such as 316LN, which have yield strengths limited to about 0.9–1.1 GPa at liquid-helium temperatures and lose ductility after repeated stress cycles. These limitations cap ITER’s magnetic field at 11.8 tesla and necessitate large, expensive reactor designs. In contrast, CHSN01 can withstand magnetic fields up to 20 tesla and combined electromagnetic stresses of 1.3 GPa, while maintaining about 30% ductility before breaking. It also retains these properties after 60,000 on/off cycles, matching the operational demands of China’s Burning-Plasma Experimental Superconducting Tokamak (BEST). The alloy’s superior performance stems from precise chemical engineering: starting with a nitrogen-strengthened austenitic steel base (
materialssteelfusion-reactorssuperconducting-magnetscryogenic-materialshigh-strength-alloysenergy-materialsChina deploys breakthrough super steel to build nuclear fusion plant
China has developed a breakthrough alloy called CHSN01 (China high-strength low-temperature steel No 1) specifically engineered for the extreme conditions inside nuclear fusion reactors. This steel can withstand intense magnetic fields up to 20 Tesla and pressures of 1,300 MPa at cryogenic temperatures, addressing a longstanding challenge in fusion technology materials. After more than a decade of research and development—including key improvements in alloy composition and toughness—CHSN01 was successfully integrated into the construction of China’s BEST fusion reactor, which began assembly in 2023 and aims for completion by 2027. China’s fusion ambitions surpass those of international projects like ITER, which is designed primarily for research and operates at lower magnetic field strengths (up to 11.8 Tesla). Chinese scientists, led by researchers such as Li Laifeng and supported by renowned physicist Zhao Zhongxian, set stringent material standards in 2021 to enable stronger, more durable reactor components. The development of CHSN01 involved a national
materialsnuclear-fusionsuperconducting-magnetshigh-strength-steelcryogenic-materialsChinaenergySuperconducting magnets have the power to catch cosmic ripples
Physicists have proposed a novel method to detect high-frequency gravitational waves using superconducting magnets originally designed for dark matter experiments. Unlike current gravitational wave detectors like LIGO, which are sensitive primarily below a few kilohertz, this new approach could extend detection capabilities into the kilohertz to megahertz range—frequencies that have remained largely unexplored. The concept builds on the idea that when gravitational waves pass through a superconducting magnet, they induce tiny vibrations that alter the magnetic field. These subtle changes can be detected by highly sensitive Superconducting Quantum Interference Devices (SQUIDs), providing a direct magnetic signal that is easier to measure and less prone to noise compared to earlier mechanical detectors such as Joseph Weber’s resonant bars from the 1960s. This magnet-based detection method offers several advantages. It leverages existing infrastructure from dark matter experiments like DMRadio and ADMX-EFR, potentially allowing dual use of the same superconducting magnets for both dark matter searches and gravitational
energysuperconducting-magnetsgravitational-wave-detectiondark-matter-experimentsSQUID-sensorsmagnetic-energy-storagephysics-researchEvery fusion startup that has raised over $100M
The article highlights the recent surge in investment and technological progress in private fusion energy startups, which are moving fusion power closer to commercial viability. Fusion, long considered perpetually decades away, is now gaining momentum due to advances in computing power, AI, and high-temperature superconducting magnets, enabling more sophisticated reactor designs and control systems. A key milestone was achieved in late 2022 when a U.S. Department of Energy lab produced a controlled fusion reaction reaching scientific breakeven, confirming the underlying science. This progress has energized startups to pursue commercially relevant fusion power plants that could disrupt massive energy markets. Several fusion startups have raised over $100 million, with three notable companies leading the charge. Commonwealth Fusion Systems (CFS), backed by investors like Bill Gates and Breakthrough Energy Ventures, has raised $2 billion and is developing the Sparc tokamak reactor in Massachusetts, aiming for a commercial-scale plant called Arc in the early 2030s. TAE Technologies, founded in 1998 and supported
energyfusion-powernuclear-fusionsuperconducting-magnetsfusion-startupsclean-energypower-generationCERN cools giant 20-ton magnets at -456°F for 10x particle collision
CERN is nearing completion of a critical test facility for the High-Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC), an upgrade designed to increase the accelerator’s luminosity—the number of particle collisions—by a factor of ten. The facility includes a 95-meter-long test stand replicating new magnet segments weighing between 10 and 20 tons, which must operate at an ultra-cold temperature of -456°F (-271°C) using superfluid helium to achieve superconductivity. These advanced magnets, made from a novel niobium-tin alloy, can generate magnetic fields of 11.3 tesla, significantly stronger than the current 8.3-tesla magnets, enabling denser particle beams and more precise collision experiments. The test stand, known as the “IT String,” serves as a full-scale rehearsal to validate the integration and performance of these components under extreme conditions before installation in the main LHC tunnel. This phase involves managing complex electrical circuits carrying over 100,
energysuperconducting-magnetsparticle-acceleratorniobium-tin-alloycryogenicsLarge-Hadron-Colliderhigh-luminosity-upgrade'Trái tim' của lò phản ứng nhiệt hạch lớn nhất thế giới
energyfusionITERsuperconducting-magnetsclean-energytokamakplasma