Articles tagged with "photonics"
New 'optical cavity' can make million-qubit quantum computer network
Scientists at Stanford University have developed a novel "optical cavity" technology that efficiently collects single photons emitted by individual atoms, which serve as qubits—the fundamental units of quantum information. This breakthrough enables simultaneous readout of all qubits in a quantum computer, overcoming previous limitations where atoms emitted light too slowly and in all directions, making scalable quantum computing impractical. The team demonstrated an array of 40 cavities each coupled to a single atom, as well as a prototype with over 500 cavities, paving the way toward a million-qubit quantum computer network. Unlike traditional optical cavities formed by two mirrors, the researchers introduced microlenses inside each cavity to tightly focus light on single atoms, reducing the number of light bounces needed while enhancing quantum information retrieval. Their cavity-array microscope platform uses a free-space cavity geometry with intra-cavity lenses, achieving strong, uniform atom-cavity coupling and fast, non-destructive, parallel qubit readout on millisecond timescales. This architecture avoids nanoph
quantum-computingoptical-cavityqubitsquantum-networkphotonicsStanford-researchquantum-informationOptical device switches light 10,000x faster than silicon transistors
Researchers at the University of Oldenburg in Germany have developed an ultra-fast optical switch made from a nanostructured "active metamaterial" combining ultra-thin silver nano-slit arrays with a monolayer of the semiconductor tungsten disulphide. This hybrid structure can control light on femtosecond timescales—quadrillionths of a second—making it approximately 10,000 times faster than conventional silicon-based electronic transistors. The device operates by briefly storing incoming light in a hybrid quantum state called an exciton-plasmon polariton, which couples light and matter properties and allows strong interaction with electron-hole pairs (excitons) on the semiconductor surface. Using external laser pulses, the researchers were able to modulate the reflectivity of the device by up to 10 percent within about 70 femtoseconds, effectively switching the light signal at unprecedented speeds. The team employed two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy (2DES) to observe these ultrafast quantum interactions with high temporal
materialsnanotechnologyoptical-switchsemiconductormetamaterialsphotonicsultrafast-technologyWorld’s tiniest light diodes shrink 100 times smaller than a human cell width
Swiss researchers at ETH Zurich, led by Chih-Jen Shih, have developed organic nano-OLEDs that are approximately 100 times smaller than a human cell, with pixel diameters around 100 nanometers—about 50 times smaller than current state-of-the-art OLED pixels. Using a novel one-step fabrication process involving ultra-thin silicon-nitride membrane templates, the team achieved a pixel density roughly 2,500 times greater than before, reaching a theoretical resolution of about 50,000 pixels per inch. This breakthrough enables ultra-sharp displays for future wearables, near-eye devices, and advanced microscopes. Because these nano-OLEDs are smaller than the wavelength of visible light, they can precisely control emitted light, allowing neighboring pixels’ light waves to interact through principles similar to phased-array optics. This capability could lead to new applications such as holographic displays, mini lasers, optical data transmission on chips, and sensitive biosensors detecting signals from single cells. The technology also
materialsorganic-light-emitting-diodesnano-OLEDsnano-scale-technologyadvanced-displaysphotonicsnano-fabricationPI releases H-815 hexapod robot for industrial applications - The Robot Report
PI Physik Instrumente L.P. (PI) has launched the H-815, a six-axis hexapod robot designed for continuous 24/7 industrial operation. This compact and robust parallel kinematic motion system offers high reliability, fast velocity (up to 20 mm/s), and ultra-precise movement with six degrees of freedom (X, Y, Z, pitch, roll, yaw). Engineered for applications in silicon photonics, semiconductor manufacturing, optics, metrology, automotive, electronics, and photonics, the H-815 features high-quality cardanic joints with Z-offset for superior stiffness and backlash-free operation, even in varied orientations. Its low-profile design (155 mm height, 222 mm baseplate diameter) supports a 10 kg load capacity, enabling integration into existing production lines. The H-815 uses ball-screw actuators with absolute-measuring encoders on all six axes, eliminating the need for referencing and reducing startup time while enhancing precision. It achieves
robotindustrial-automationhexapod-robotprecision-motionsemiconductor-manufacturingphotonicsrobotics-engineeringPhoton teleportation achieved between two independent quantum dots
Researchers at the University of Stuttgart, in collaboration with partners from the Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research in Dresden and Saarland University, have successfully demonstrated quantum teleportation between photons emitted by two different quantum dots. This breakthrough addresses a critical challenge in building quantum repeaters, which are essential for extending secure quantum communication over long distances via fiber networks. By using nearly identical quantum dots to generate single photons and entangled photon pairs, and employing quantum frequency converters to align their frequencies, the team achieved a transfer of polarization states with a success rate slightly above 70 percent. This achievement marks the first time quantum information has been teleported between photons from independent quantum dots, a feat previously hindered by the difficulty of producing indistinguishable photons from separate sources. The experiment involved sending one photon through a 10-meter optical fiber to interfere with another, enabling the teleportation process. The work is part of the Quantenrepeater.Net project, a large German research consortium aiming to develop quantum repeat
quantum-dotsquantum-teleportationquantum-communicationquantum-networksquantum-repeaterssemiconductor-materialsphotonicsScientists make dark excitons 300,000x brighter for quantum tech
Scientists from City University of New York (CUNY) and the University of Texas at Austin have made a significant breakthrough by amplifying the light emission of dark excitons—normally invisible quantum light-matter states found in atomically thin semiconductors—by nearly 300,000 times. Using a nanoscale optical cavity composed of gold nanotubes and a single atomic layer of tungsten diselenide (WSe₂), the team made these elusive states not only visible but also controllable at the nanoscale. This advance holds promise for developing faster, smaller, and more energy-efficient quantum computing and photonic technologies due to dark excitons’ long lifetimes and low environmental interactions. Further, the researchers demonstrated precise tuning of dark excitons using electric and magnetic fields, enabling on-demand control of their emission without altering the semiconductor’s natural properties. This approach preserves the material’s integrity while achieving record-breaking light-matter coupling. The study also resolved a longstanding debate in nanophotonics by showing that
quantum-computingphotonicsdark-excitons2D-materialsenergy-efficient-technologynanoscale-controlquantum-informationLiquid-crystal hybrid ‘gyromorph’ could advance light-based computing
Researchers at New York University have developed a novel hybrid material called "gyromorphs" that could significantly advance light-based computing. Light-driven computers, which use photons instead of electrons, promise faster processing speeds and lower energy consumption, but have been hindered by the challenge of efficiently guiding light signals on chips without loss. This requires isotropic bandgap materials that block stray light uniformly from all directions. Gyromorphs uniquely combine liquid-like disorder with crystal-like patterning, outperforming existing materials—including quasicrystals, which either fully block light from some directions or only partially block it from all directions. The NYU team created gyromorphs through engineered metamaterials with a new form of "correlated disorder," a state between randomness and order, akin to the spatial distribution of trees in a forest. This design approach allowed them to amplify a structural signature common to all isotropic bandgap materials, resulting in a class of materials that exhibit liquid-like randomness alongside regular long-range patterns. These
materialsliquid-crystalsmetamaterialsphotonicslight-based-computingisotropic-bandgapgyromorphsPalm-sized short-pulse laser sets new 80 percent efficiency record
Researchers at the University of Stuttgart, in collaboration with Stuttgart Instruments GmbH, have developed a palm-sized short-pulse laser system that achieves an unprecedented efficiency of over 80 percent—more than double the typical 30–35 percent efficiency of conventional room-sized systems. This compact device, occupying just a few square centimeters and comprising only five components, maintains high power, ultrafast pulse durations below 50 femtoseconds, and broad bandwidth without the bulky setups and cooling systems traditionally required. The breakthrough was made possible by a novel "multipass optical parametric amplification" technique, where light pulses pass multiple times through a single short crystal with realignment and resynchronization between passes, preserving bandwidth while significantly boosting efficiency. This innovation addresses longstanding challenges in combining compactness, efficiency, and wide bandwidth in short-pulse lasers, which are crucial tools in precision micromachining, medical procedures, quantum research, and semiconductor fabrication. The new laser’s portability, tunability, and adaptability to various wavelengths
energylaser-technologyphotonicsoptical-amplificationultrafast-lasersefficiency-improvementcompact-laser-systemsChina's fingernail-sized chip can map 5,600 stars in seconds
Chinese researchers at Tsinghua University have developed a groundbreaking optical chip named Yuheng (also called Rafael) that is no larger than a fingernail but capable of mapping up to 5,600 stars in a single snapshot with unprecedented spectral precision. The chip records starlight at 88 frames per second and achieves a color resolution 100 times sharper than conventional imagers, distinguishing colors separated by less than a tenth of a nanometer. Unlike traditional spectroscopic instruments that physically separate light into colors—resulting in bulky devices and light loss—Yuheng uses a novel approach combining tiny random interference patterns and a lithium niobate crystal to encode all incoming light simultaneously. Advanced algorithms then decode this information to reconstruct the full color spectrum rapidly and efficiently. This innovation compresses the functionality of large, complex optical benches into a compact, high-speed device with 73% light transmission, enabling ultra-high-resolution spectral analysis without sacrificing brightness or speed. The chip’s capabilities could revolutionize fields such
materialsoptical-chipspectroscopylithium-niobatephotonicssensor-technologyadvanced-algorithmsNew twist on classic material could advance quantum computing
Researchers at Penn State University have developed a novel approach to enhance the electro-optic properties of barium titanate, a classic material known since 1941 for its strong ability to convert electrical signals into optical signals. By reshaping barium titanate into ultrathin strained thin films, the team achieved over a tenfold improvement in the conversion efficiency of electrons to photons at room temperature compared to previous results at cryogenic temperatures. This breakthrough addresses a long-standing challenge, as barium titanate had not been widely commercialized due to fabrication difficulties and stability issues, with lithium niobate dominating the electro-optic device market instead. The improved material has significant implications for quantum computing and data center energy efficiency. Quantum technologies often require cryogenic conditions, but transmitting quantum information over long distances needs room-temperature optical links, which this advancement could enable. Additionally, data centers, which consume vast amounts of energy primarily for cooling, could benefit from integrated photonic technologies that use photons rather than electrons to transmit data
materialselectro-optic-materialsbarium-titanatequantum-computingenergy-efficiencydata-centersphotonicsWorld’s first tunable nonlinear photonic chip targets quantum use
Researchers from NTT Research, Cornell University, and Stanford University have developed the world’s first programmable nonlinear photonic waveguide, a breakthrough device capable of switching between multiple optical functions on a single chip. This innovation challenges the traditional “one device, one function” limitation in photonics, where devices are fixed to a single task during fabrication. By using a silicon nitride core and projecting structured light patterns onto the chip, the device dynamically creates programmable regions of optical nonlinearity, enabling rapid reconfiguration of its optical functions. Demonstrated capabilities include arbitrary pulse shaping, tunable second-harmonic generation, holographic generation of spatio-spectrally structured light, and real-time inverse design of nonlinear-optical functions. The technology promises significant impacts across optical and quantum computing, communications, and tunable light sources by reducing costs, improving manufacturing yields, and enabling more compact, power-efficient optical systems. This flexibility is particularly valuable for quantum computing, where programmable quantum light sources and frequency converters can enhance
materialsphotonicsquantum-computingoptical-devicessilicon-nitridenonlinear-opticsprogrammable-chipMini 3D printer could enable on-site tissue repair inside human body
Researchers at the University of Stuttgart, led by Andrea Toulouse, have developed a miniaturized 3D printer capable of creating living tissue directly inside the human body. This innovative device uses a glass optical fiber thinner than a pencil lead, equipped with a tiny 3D-printed lens no larger than a grain of salt, to focus laser light and cure bio-inks layer by layer with micrometer precision. This approach aims to overcome the limitations of traditional bioprinting, which requires implanting pre-grown tissues and relies on large, less precise printers unsuitable for in-body use. The project, supported by a $2 million grant from the Carl Zeiss Foundation, combines photonics, biotechnology, and precision engineering to enable endoscopic 3D printing of complex tissue structures at the cellular scale. Collaborating with experts in biomaterials, the team is also developing biodegradable bio-inks compatible with living cells to ensure safe integration into the body. By integrating their research into the Bionic Intelligence Tüb
materials3D-printingbio-inksmicro-opticsregenerative-medicinetissue-engineeringphotonicsUltrafast squeezed light tames quantum uncertainty in real time
Researchers at the University of Arizona, led by Mohammed Hassan, have achieved the first real-time measurement and control of quantum uncertainty using ultrafast squeezed light pulses. This breakthrough directly observes Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle in action by manipulating “squeezed light,” a quantum state where uncertainty is redistributed between two linked properties of photons—intensity and phase—allowing one property to be measured more precisely at the expense of the other. Unlike previous methods that used millisecond laser pulses, Hassan’s team generated squeezed light with femtosecond (one quadrillionth of a second) pulses via a novel four-wave mixing technique in fused silica, enabling ultrafast quantum optics. The team demonstrated real-time control over quantum uncertainty by adjusting the position of the silica relative to the laser beams, fluctuating between intensity and phase squeezing. This advancement not only opens a new field combining ultrafast lasers and quantum optics but also has practical implications for secure quantum communication. Their method enhances security by making it
quantum-opticsultrafast-laserssqueezed-lightquantum-uncertaintyphotonicsoptical-materialsquantum-communicationUS scientists' light-emitting material could revolutionize photonics
Researchers at UCLA’s California NanoSystems Institute have developed a novel light-emitting material by combining molybdenum disulfide (MoS₂), a two-dimensional semiconductor, with Nafion, a flexible polymer commonly used in fuel cells. This hybrid material overcomes the traditional limitations of MoS₂, which is typically fragile and emits weak light, by leveraging Nafion’s flexibility and chemical stability to reinforce the semiconductor and heal surface defects that usually reduce light output. The resulting membranes are stretchable, durable, and produce significantly brighter and more stable light emission than MoS₂ alone. This breakthrough holds significant promise for photonics, the field of technology that uses light (photons) instead of electricity (electrons) for computing and communication. The new material’s durability, flexibility, and efficiency could enable the development of stretchable displays, flexible lasers, and chip-integrated light sources. In the longer term, it may revolutionize photonic computing by enabling faster, more energy-efficient light-based circuits
materialsphotonicsmolybdenum-disulfide2D-materialsNafionlight-emitting-materialsflexible-electronicsCaltech chip creates ultra-efficient light spectrum across wide range
A Caltech research team led by Professor Alireza Marandi has developed a groundbreaking chip-based optical parametric oscillator (OPO) that generates stable, coherent laser light across an exceptionally broad spectrum, ranging from visible to mid-infrared wavelengths. Unlike traditional bulky and power-intensive OPO systems, this nanophotonic device operates at ultra-low energy levels (femtojoule range) and produces a frequency comb—a set of evenly spaced laser lines used for ultra-precise measurements—on a compact chip. This advancement addresses longstanding challenges of size, tunability, and energy consumption in frequency comb technology. The key innovation lies in the device’s dispersion engineering and resonator design, which enable it to maintain coherence while broadening the spectrum even at power levels well above the oscillation threshold. This new operational regime defies conventional understanding of OPO behavior and allows for unprecedented spectral broadening with high efficiency. The technology promises to accelerate applications in precision spectroscopy, atomic clocks, molecular sensing,
materialsnanophotonicsoptical-parametric-oscillatorfrequency-combchip-based-laserphotonicscoherent-lightTuning the untunable: Dirac waves gain new control in terahertz devices
The article discusses a breakthrough in controlling Dirac plasmon polaritons (DPPs), exotic waves that combine light with electron motion in ultra-thin materials, specifically in the terahertz (THz) frequency range. THz waves, which lie between microwaves and infrared light, have long been difficult to harness due to rapid energy loss and poor controllability. The researchers addressed this by using topological insulator metamaterials made from epitaxial Bi2Se3, which conduct electricity only on their surfaces, allowing electrons to behave as massless particles. By designing laterally coupled nanostructures ("metaelements") and precisely adjusting their spacing, they successfully tuned the DPPs’ behavior, increasing the polariton wavevector by up to 20% and extending the attenuation length by over 50%, enabling tighter light confinement and longer propagation with less energy loss. This advancement paves the way for more efficient, tunable THz photonic devices with broad applications, including
materialsterahertz-devicesnanostructurestopological-insulatorsplasmon-polaritonsphotonicsquantum-devicesHollow glass fiber transmits internet with 1,000x greater capacity
Researchers at the University of Southampton have developed a novel hollow glass fiber that transmits internet signals through air-filled channels rather than solid glass cores. This design significantly reduces signal loss, allowing light to travel more efficiently over longer distances—extending the range before losing half the signal from 15–20 kilometers in conventional fibers to about 33 kilometers. The hollow fibers can carry over 1,000 times the power of traditional fibers and support a broader spectrum of wavelengths, including single-photon pulses used in quantum communication, making the technology promising for both current internet infrastructure and emerging quantum networks. The fiber’s unique structure consists of five small cylinders with nested cylinders arranged precisely to confine specific light wavelengths within the hollow core, preventing signal leakage. Manufacturing challenges have been addressed by starting with a large glass preform containing the hollow channels, which is then stretched while pressurized to maintain the geometry. Commercial production is underway through Lumenisity, a Southampton spin-off acquired by Microsoft in 2022, highlighting
materialsoptical-fiberdata-transmissionenergy-efficiencyphotonicsquantum-communicationinternet-technologyChina unveils 6G chip hitting mobile internet speeds of 100 Gbps
Chinese researchers from Peking University and City University of Hong Kong have developed the world’s first all-frequency 6G chip, capable of delivering mobile internet speeds exceeding 100 gigabits per second. This compact chip, measuring just 11mm by 1.7mm, integrates the entire wireless spectrum from 0.5 GHz to 115 GHz—traditionally requiring nine separate radio systems—allowing seamless switching between low-frequency bands for wide coverage and high-frequency bands for ultra-fast data transmission. The innovation leverages photonic-electronic fusion technology, converting wireless signals into optical ones for efficient processing, resulting in stable communication quality and rapid frequency tuning within 180 microseconds. The chip’s ability to dynamically navigate frequencies ensures uninterrupted communication by automatically switching to clear channels when interference occurs, enhancing reliability in diverse environments. It supports multipurpose programmability and dynamic frequency adjustment, making it ideal for crowded settings with many connected devices. Moreover, the device lays the hardware foundation for AI-native networks that can
IoT6G-technologywireless-communicationphotonicsmobile-internetAI-native-networksbroadband-chipEngineers transmit quantum data on everyday internet fiber cables
Engineers at the University of Pennsylvania have demonstrated that quantum signals can be transmitted over commercial fiber-optic internet cables alongside classical data using the same internet protocol (IP) that powers today’s web. Their innovation centers on a silicon “Q-chip” that pairs a measurable classical light signal with fragile quantum particles, allowing the classical signal to guide routing without disturbing the quantum information. This approach enables quantum and classical data to be packaged together and routed through existing internet infrastructure, achieving over 97% signal fidelity in tests conducted on Verizon’s live fiber network. The Q-chip’s design addresses a major challenge in scaling quantum networks: quantum particles collapse when measured, making traditional data routing methods unusable. By sending a classical “header” signal ahead of the quantum data, the system can perform routing and error correction without directly measuring the quantum states. The chip’s silicon-based fabrication allows for mass production and integration into current networks, though distance limitations remain since quantum signals cannot yet be amplified without loss. The researchers liken
IoTquantum-computingfiber-optic-communicationquantum-internetphotonicssilicon-chipnetwork-technologyHarvard's ultra-thin chip breakthrough sets new standard for quantum optics
Researchers at Harvard University, led by Professor Federico Capasso, have developed a groundbreaking ultra-thin optical device called a metasurface that can perform complex quantum operations previously requiring numerous bulky components. This single, flat chip replaces traditional setups involving lenses, mirrors, and beam splitters used to control and entangle photons—key particles for quantum computing and networking. By miniaturizing the entire optical system into a stable, robust metasurface, the team addresses a major scalability challenge in photon-based quantum information processing. A novel design process was crucial to this breakthrough, employing graph theory to map the complex interference pathways of multi-photon quantum states onto nanoscale patterns on the metasurface. This approach unifies the metasurface design with the quantum state generation, enabling precise and systematic construction of devices tailored for specific quantum tasks. The metasurface’s monolithic design reduces optical loss and environmental sensitivity, and its fabrication via semiconductor industry techniques promises cost-effective, reproducible production. Beyond quantum computing, this technology has potential applications in
quantum-computingmetasurfacephotonicsoptical-devicesquantum-opticsnanoscale-materialsquantum-information-processingGermany creates first-ever hybrid alloy for next-gen quantum chips
Researchers in Germany have developed a groundbreaking hybrid semiconductor alloy composed of carbon, silicon, germanium, and tin (CSiGeSn), marking the first stable material of its kind. Created by teams at Forschungszentrum Jülich and the Leibniz Institute for Innovative Microelectronics, this new compound belongs to Group IV of the periodic table, ensuring full compatibility with existing CMOS chip manufacturing processes. The addition of carbon to the silicon-germanium-tin matrix enables unprecedented control over the band gap, a key factor influencing electronic and photonic properties, potentially allowing innovations such as room-temperature lasers and efficient thermoelectric devices. This advancement overcomes previous challenges in combining these four elements due to differences in atomic size and bonding behavior, achieved through an advanced chemical vapor deposition (CVD) technique. The resulting material maintains the delicate crystal lattice structure essential for chip fabrication and is visually indistinguishable from conventional wafers. The team successfully demonstrated the first light-emitting diode (LED) based on a quantum well
materialssemiconductorquantum-computingalloysiliconphotonicsmicroelectronicsBreakthrough silicon chip fuses photonics and quantum generators
Researchers from Boston University, UC Berkeley, and Northwestern University have developed the world’s first integrated electronic–photonic–quantum chip using standard 45-nanometer semiconductor technology. This breakthrough device combines twelve synchronized quantum light sources, known as “quantum light factories,” on a single chip, each generating correlated photon pairs essential for quantum computing, sensing, and secure communication. The chip integrates microring resonators, on-chip heaters, photodiodes, and embedded control logic to maintain real-time stabilization of the quantum light generation process, overcoming challenges posed by temperature fluctuations and manufacturing variations. The innovation lies in embedding a real-time feedback control system directly on the chip, enabling continuous correction of misalignments and drift, which is critical for scalable quantum systems. The team successfully adapted quantum photonics design to meet the stringent requirements of a commercial CMOS platform, originally developed for AI and supercomputing interconnects. This collaboration demonstrates that complex quantum photonic systems can be reliably built and stabilized within commercial semiconductor
quantum-computingphotonicssemiconductor-technologyquantum-light-sourcesintegrated-circuitsquantum-sensorschip-manufacturingMIT student’s pocket-sized 3D printer can craft objects in seconds
Researchers at MIT, led by PhD candidate Sabrina Corsetti and Professor Jelena Notaros, have developed a groundbreaking pocket-sized 3D printer based on a single millimeter-scale photonic chip. This chip uses light to create solid objects within seconds by emitting reconfigurable visible-light holograms into a stationary resin well, enabling non-mechanical 3D printing without any moving parts. The innovation combines silicon photonics and photochemistry to achieve rapid fabrication of customized, low-cost objects, marking the first demonstration of chip-based 3D printing. This compact and portable system addresses many limitations of traditional 3D printers, which rely on large mechanical setups that restrict speed, resolution, and form factor. Beyond 3D printing, the team also created a miniature “tractor beam” using light to manipulate biological particles, offering new possibilities for contamination-free biological research. The researchers anticipate that their chip-based technology could revolutionize manufacturing across diverse fields such as military, medical, engineering, and consumer applications
materials3D-printingphotonicssilicon-photonicsphotochemistryoptical-tweezersmanufacturing-technologyQuantum ‘translator’: A tiny silicon chip links microwaves and light like never before
Researchers at the University of British Columbia have developed a tiny silicon chip that acts as a highly efficient quantum "translator," converting signals between microwaves (used in quantum computing) and light (used in communication) with up to 95% efficiency and almost zero noise. This conversion is crucial because microwaves, while integral to quantum computers, cannot travel long distances effectively, whereas optical photons can. The chip achieves this by incorporating tiny magnetic defects in silicon that trap electrons; these electrons flip states to mediate the conversion without absorbing energy, preserving the fragile quantum information and entanglement necessary for quantum communication. This innovation addresses a major challenge in creating a quantum internet, enabling quantum computers to remain entangled over long distances, potentially across cities or continents. Unlike previous devices, the UBC chip works bidirectionally, adds minimal noise, and operates with extremely low power consumption using superconducting materials. While still theoretical and requiring physical realization, this design represents a significant advance toward secure, ultra-fast quantum networks that
quantum-computingsilicon-chipquantum-communicationmicrowave-to-optical-conversionquantum-internetquantum-materialsphotonicsSwiss scientists makes make infrared light visible with tiny lens
materialslithium-niobatenanotechnologyoptical-componentsinfrared-technologyphotonicsnanoscale-patterns