Articles tagged with "circular-economy"
Used concrete can last up to 100 years in new construction: Study
A new study by researchers at KTH Royal Institute of Technology and Tampere University reveals that used concrete from dismantled buildings can be safely reused in new construction for up to 50 to 100 years. Traditionally, concrete slabs are crushed and repurposed as road rubble, but this research demonstrates that with proper assessment and treatment, structural concrete elements retain their strength and durability. The team developed a performance-based framework using extensive data and computer simulations to predict the lifespan of “middle-aged” concrete, accounting for factors like carbonation and corrosion—two main threats that degrade concrete over time, especially when exposure conditions change. The study highlights carbonation as a critical risk, particularly when concrete moves from dry indoor environments to wetter outdoor settings, which accelerates corrosion of steel reinforcement. However, the researchers found that applying silicone-based or water-repellent coatings can reduce corrosion rates by up to 70%, significantly extending the lifespan of reused concrete components. This approach not only enhances structural safety but also supports environmental sustainability by reducing
materialsconcrete-recyclingsustainable-constructioncircular-economycorrosion-protectionbuilding-materialsstructural-engineeringBMW's mechanical recycling keeps battery materials in active use
BMW Group has inaugurated the Cell Recycling Competence Centre (CRCC) in Salching, Germany, a facility dedicated to mechanical direct recycling of battery cells and production scrap. Unlike conventional battery recycling methods that rely on energy-intensive chemical or thermal processes, BMW’s approach preserves active battery materials in a largely intact state, enabling their direct reuse in new battery cell manufacturing. The CRCC primarily processes unused cells and pilot production residues, which are more uniform than end-of-life batteries, facilitating a short-loop recycling system that reduces energy consumption, material losses, and dependence on newly mined raw materials. The recovered materials are sent to BMW’s Cell Manufacturing Competence Centre in Parsdorf, effectively closing the loop between production and recycling. This initiative is part of BMW’s broader 4Re strategy—rethink, reduce, reuse, and recycle—and is integrated into its industrial battery production rather than functioning as a standalone recycling operation. The CRCC, operated by Encory (a joint venture between BMW and Interzero Group),
energybattery-recyclingmechanical-recyclingmaterials-recoverycircular-economyBMWsustainable-manufacturingGermany-backed AI aims 20% boost in construction waste recycling
Germany’s construction industry generates tens of millions of tonnes of rubble annually, much of which is recycled but often fails to meet quality standards, leading to landfill disposal and increased demand for new concrete. To address this, Tübingen-based startup Optocycle is developing an AI-driven system that uses optical sensors and real-time artificial intelligence to classify construction waste on conveyor belts. Funded with approximately €170,000 by the Deutsche Bundesstiftung Umwelt (DBU), the system aims to replace subjective, manual inspections and random lab tests with continuous, automated quality monitoring, particularly focusing on recycled mineral aggregates used in concrete and road construction. Optocycle estimates its technology could increase the proportion of high-quality recycled aggregates by about 20% and reduce landfill waste by around 15%, enabling recyclers to intervene during processing rather than after. The system is designed for easy retrofit installation in existing recycling plants, minimizing costs and deployment time. Industry partner Heinrich Feeß GmbH has collaborated on development, highlighting improvements in trace
materialsconstruction-waste-recyclingAI-technologyoptical-sensorsrecycled-aggregatessustainabilitycircular-economyStart of the Circular Economy: Zwickau Vehicle Plant Launches Business Areas - CleanTechnica
The Zwickau vehicle plant has been designated as Volkswagen AG’s central competence center for the circular economy, marking a significant step in the company’s sustainability strategy. Starting with the systematic disassembly and recycling of vehicles, the plant aims to process up to 15,000 vehicles annually by 2030 to recover valuable raw materials and reuse components. Volkswagen plans to invest up to 90 million euros in the site over the coming years, with additional funding of approximately 10.7 million euros provided by the Free State of Saxony. The plant will develop and standardize dismantling processes, leverage AI and data platforms to optimize material flows and recycling, and serve as a training hub for employees in circular economy practices. Volkswagen’s circular economy strategy, summarized by the principle "REDUCE & GROW," focuses on reducing the use of primary raw materials and emissions while fostering new value creation through innovative business models such as recycling, refurbishment, and second-life applications. This approach aims to enhance raw material resilience
circular-economyvehicle-recyclingraw-materials-recoverysustainable-manufacturingautomotive-industrymaterials-reuseAI-in-recyclingBLUETTI Targets Circular Economy & High-Speed Mobile Charging — CES 2026 Launch - CleanTechnica
At CES 2026, BLUETTI unveiled several innovations emphasizing faster mobile charging and sustainability, signaling a shift in portable power technology toward material science and vehicle integration. The standout product, the Charger 2 Smart Energy Hub, overcomes the traditional 12V vehicle charging bottleneck by simultaneously using a vehicle’s alternator and solar panels to deliver charging speeds up to 13 times faster than standard methods. It offers universal compatibility with over 95% of third-party power stations and features bi-directional functionality, allowing it not only to charge devices but also to maintain vehicle starter batteries or provide emergency jump-starts. This plug-and-play DC-DC system represents a significant efficiency leap for off-grid living and RV energy solutions. In addition to charging advancements, BLUETTI introduced the Bio-Based Elite 100 V2, the industry’s first portable power station with a chassis made from renewable agricultural residues instead of fossil fuels, reducing CO2 emissions during production by 25%. This move supports a
energyportable-powerhigh-speed-chargingrenewable-materialscircular-economyoff-grid-energybattery-technologyScientists to make plastics with crop waste for use in medical products
Researchers at the University of Oldenburg in Germany are developing a cost-effective, energy-efficient technology to produce fully biodegradable plastics from organic waste such as crop residues, hay, and algae. Their focus is on creating polybutylene succinate (PBS)-based plastics, which share similar robustness and processability with conventional plastics like polypropylene and polyethylene but have the significant advantage of being biodegradable. The project, supported by the university’s strong research infrastructure, aims to offer renewable raw material-based plastics as an industrially viable alternative, contributing to an environmentally friendly circular economy. The research involves three sub-projects: optimizing the fermentation process to convert biological substrates into Bio-PBS using microorganisms; improving downstream processing to remove contaminants and convert n-butanol into 1,4-butanediol, a key raw material for plastics; and refining the technology further, including developing a new chemical substance to produce fully biodegradable PBS. The team plans to use simulations and machine learning to enhance material and energy efficiency and intends to utilize production
materialsbiodegradable-plasticsbio-based-materialsfermentation-processrenewable-raw-materialscircular-economybioplastics1,800-acre US facility to convert dead magnets into critical rare earths
Australia-based Ionic Rare Earths Limited (IonicRE) and US Strategic Metals (USSM) have signed a memorandum of understanding to develop a vertically integrated rare earth production facility on an 1,800-acre site in Missouri. The project will use IonicRE’s patented hydro-metallurgical magnet recycling technology to extract and refine critical rare earth elements from end-of-life permanent magnets, including neodymium-iron-boron and samarium-cobalt types. This facility aims to produce high-purity rare earth oxides such as neodymium, praseodymium, dysprosium, terbium, samarium, gadolinium, and holmium, supporting high-tech sectors like electric vehicles, wind turbines, and advanced manufacturing. The initiative emphasizes building a resilient, sustainable, and ex-China rare earth supply chain within the United States, leveraging a circular economy model previously demonstrated by IonicRE in the UK. The recycling process reportedly reduces carbon emissions by up to 61% compared to traditional mining and
materialsrare-earth-elementsmagnet-recyclingsustainable-supply-chaincircular-economyhydro-metallurgical-technologycritical-mineralsJapanese automaker turns old EV batteries into factory energy storage
Japanese automaker Nissan has implemented a sustainability initiative at its Melbourne production facility by combining a 100 kW rooftop solar array with a 120 kWh energy storage system made from repurposed batteries from retired Nissan Leaf electric vehicles. Developed in partnership with Australian battery technology company Relectrify, the Nissan Node project uses nine second-life Leaf batteries managed by advanced cell-level control technology to extend battery life and reduce storage costs. This system not only powers two new on-site EV chargers but also helps Nissan reduce operational energy costs and cut annual CO2 emissions by approximately 259 tons while saving 128 megawatts of energy each year. Relectrify’s ReVolve technology integrates battery management and inverter functions at the cell level, which extends battery cycle life by up to 30% and lowers electronics costs by around 30%. This approach supports sustainable, cost-efficient energy storage solutions for industrial and commercial users and exemplifies circular economy principles by giving end-of-life EV batteries a second life. Nissan
energybattery-storageelectric-vehiclesrenewable-energysustainabilitycircular-economyNissanAltitude Purchases +165,000t Of Carbon Removal From South American Partners Ecogaia & Emisiones Neutras - CleanTechnica
Altitude, a prominent carbon removal financier, has purchased over 165,000 tonnes of carbon dioxide removal credits (CORCs) from South American partners Ecogaia and Emisiones Neutras. These Argentine facilities utilize advanced pyrolysis technology to convert waste biomass into biochar, a stable carbon form that can sequester CO₂ for over a thousand years. The CORCs are issued and verified through the Puro Registry, ensuring transparency and traceability. This deal not only reinforces Altitude’s position as a leading global buyer of carbon dioxide removal (CDR) but also supports projects that improve local waste treatment infrastructure and promote circular economy benefits. The long-term offtake agreement provides financial certainty for project developers, facilitating the scaling of durable carbon removal solutions in South America. Altitude has also been active in other regions, securing 145,000 tonnes of biochar CORCs from Western Africa and significantly expanding its Ascent 1 financing facility from 50,000 to 250,000 tonnes
energycarbon-removalbiocharpyrolysis-technologycarbon-capturesustainable-energycircular-economyHyundai Motor & Healthy Seas Celebrate 5 Years of Global Ocean Conservation & Education Leadership - CleanTechnica
Hyundai Motor Company is celebrating the fifth anniversary of its partnership with Healthy Seas, a nonprofit dedicated to removing marine litter and restoring ocean ecosystems. Since the collaboration began in 2018, Hyundai and Healthy Seas have removed 320 tons of marine debris, including abandoned fishing nets from “ghost farm” operations across 10 countries in Europe, Korea, and the United States. These recovered nets are recycled by Aquafil into ECONYL® yarn, which Hyundai uses to produce eco-friendly car floormats for several European vehicle models such as the IONIQ 5, IONIQ 6, IONIQ 9, INSTER, SANTA FE, and NEXO. The partnership emphasizes a circular economy and community-driven sustainability initiatives. In addition to environmental cleanup, the partnership prioritizes education, engaging over 4,861 participants worldwide through workshops, interactive activities, and virtual reality experiences. Hyundai has collaborated with the Technical University of Munich to develop an innovative environmental education program featuring a mobile robotics
energysustainabilityrecyclingmarine-conservationHyundaicircular-economyeco-friendly-materialsRobots made from food waste explore a new path for bio-material design
Researchers at EPFL’s CREATE Lab have developed robotic components made from discarded langoustine exoskeletons, demonstrating a novel approach to sustainable robotics by repurposing food waste as functional bio-materials. This work introduces circular design principles into robotics, moving away from traditional synthetic materials like metals and plastics. The team embedded elastomer within the natural exoskeleton segments to control movement, coated them with silicone for durability, and mounted them on motorized bases. Their prototypes include a manipulator capable of lifting 500 grams, soft robotic grippers handling delicate and rigid objects, and a swimming robot propelled by exoskeletal fins reaching speeds of 11 cm/s. Importantly, most components can be recovered and reused, supporting sustainability goals. The research highlights the mechanical advantages of natural structures, such as the balance of rigidity and flexibility found in crustacean exoskeletons, which enable rapid and precise movements. However, working with biological materials presents challenges due to variability in geometry and behavior between individual
roboticsbiomaterialssustainable-designcircular-economybio-inspired-robotsfood-waste-recyclingsoft-roboticsMine waste turned into water treatment chemical removing 99% toxins
Scientists from Heriot-Watt University and the University of South Africa have developed an innovative method to convert acid mine drainage (AMD)—a highly toxic, acidic, and metal-laden wastewater from mining—into ferric chloride, a valuable chemical used for water purification. AMD, a major environmental problem especially in South Africa where nearly 400 million liters are discharged daily, contaminates water sources and damages infrastructure. The researchers extracted ferric iron from AMD using magnesium oxide nanoparticles and converted it into ferric chloride, which in lab tests removed over 99% of pollutants such as aluminum, iron, and chromium from river water, meeting drinking water standards. This breakthrough offers a sustainable, low-energy solution that transforms a hazardous waste product into a resource, supporting circular economy principles and providing economic opportunities for mining regions. The team plans to pilot the technology in South African communities facing water scarcity, with hopes of scaling it industrially to address legacy mining pollution globally. Experts highlight the potential of this approach to mitigate water scarcity
materialswater-treatmentmining-wasteenvironmental-technologycircular-economypollution-remediationsustainable-materialsScientists unveil plan to mine, reuse, and recycle everything in orbit
A team of scientists has proposed applying recycling and sustainability principles to the entire lifecycle of satellites and spacecraft to address the growing environmental impact of space launches. With an estimated 300 orbital launches expected in 2025, rocket launches release significant greenhouse gases and ozone-depleting chemicals. The researchers highlight that valuable materials from satellites are rarely reused, as most are either moved to “graveyard orbits,” become space debris, or burn up upon reentry. They argue that the space industry must adopt a circular economy approach—similar to practices in automotive and electronics sectors—to ensure long-term sustainability amid increasing private space activity. The scientists advocate for innovations such as enhancing satellite durability and repairability, repurposing space stations as refueling and repair hubs, and manufacturing components in orbit to reduce launch frequency. They also suggest soft-landing technologies and robotic debris capture to enable reuse of spacecraft parts. Emphasizing the need for international collaboration and policy frameworks, the researchers call for integrating chemistry, design, and governance to
space-sustainabilitysatellite-recyclingcircular-economyspace-materialsorbital-debris-managementreusable-spacecraftspace-manufacturingTextile ash boosts cement strength by 16% in new material test
Researchers at Kaunas University of Technology (KTU) in Lithuania have discovered that textile waste ash can enhance cement strength by up to 16% when used to replace 7.5% of traditional cement. This innovation not only improves the compressive strength of concrete but also offers a sustainable solution to two pressing issues: the management of textile waste and the reduction of carbon emissions in the construction industry. Textile waste, which is difficult to recycle due to fiber blends and synthetic additives, is typically landfilled or incinerated. By converting textile waste into ash and recovered fibers, KTU scientists are turning it into a valuable resource for cement production, supporting the EU’s circular economy goals. The research also highlights additional benefits, such as improved freeze-thaw resistance in concrete containing polyester fibers recovered from discarded clothing, which enhances infrastructure durability. Moreover, textile waste can be thermally processed into carbon-rich granules that, when burned, produce ash suitable for cement use. This approach aligns with broader efforts to reduce
materialscementtextile-ashwaste-reuseconcrete-strengthsustainable-constructioncircular-economyInside Glacier's mission to modernize recycling
In Episode 223 of The Robot Report Podcast, Rebecca Hu-Thrams, co-founder and CEO of Glacier, discusses her company’s mission to modernize recycling through advanced robotics and artificial intelligence. Glacier focuses on addressing challenges faced by material recovery facilities (MRFs) by developing systems that detect and sort valuable materials efficiently without disrupting existing operations. Their technology enhances safety, reduces human error, and improves the quality of materials recovered from waste streams. Hu-Thrams emphasizes that Glacier’s innovations support the economic viability of MRFs while contributing to sustainability goals by minimizing waste and lowering carbon emissions, positioning the company as a key player in the circular economy. The episode also covers other robotics industry news, including significant funding rounds for companies like Physical Intelligence, which raised $600 million to advance robot foundation models, and Distalmotion, which secured $150 million to accelerate U.S. adoption of its portable DEXTER surgical robot. Additionally, Parallax Worlds raised $4 million to develop hyper-realistic digital
roboticsartificial-intelligencerecycling-technologymaterial-recovery-facilitiesautomationsustainabilitycircular-economyMapping A Low-Carbon Industrial Future With Hydrogen, Depolymerization - CleanTechnica
The article from CleanTechnica highlights how automation is becoming central to decarbonization efforts across various heavy industries, as discussed at Rockwell Automation’s 2025 Automation Fair. Industry leaders emphasized that advanced control systems, digital traceability, and electrochemical innovations are converging to enable low-carbon industrial processes. Automation is no longer just a support tool but the backbone of strategies to reduce carbon emissions while maintaining economic viability and regulatory compliance. Key examples include depolymerization of scrap tires into circular feedstocks, cost-competitive clean hydrogen production from industrial waste gases, and digital traceability in critical mineral and battery supply chains. Tony Wibbeler of Bolder Industries explained how automation standardizes tire depolymerization, ensuring product quality and enabling workforce development despite the lack of an established labor pipeline. This approach supports regulatory shifts that increase producer responsibility and restrict tire-derived fuels, driving demand for domestic circular materials. Derek Kramer from Utility Global highlighted how policy pressures, especially in Europe and Asia, are shaping
energyhydrogendepolymerizationautomationlow-carboncircular-economyrenewable-energyUK recycles 16,000 tons of demolished nuclear plant concrete for new reactor site
The UK is advancing sustainable construction in its nuclear sector by recycling over 16,500 US tons of concrete from the demolished Sizewell A nuclear plant for use at the new Sizewell C facility in Suffolk. This recycled material, after thorough processing and safety testing, is being used as a sub-base for foundation platforms at Sizewell C, reducing project costs, carbon emissions, and the demand for newly quarried aggregates. The demolition of Sizewell A’s turbine hall and adjacent buildings was completed efficiently using advanced demolition techniques, yielding over 18,700 US tons of concrete and debris, along with significant scrap metal and redundant cabling, all of which have been repurposed or sold to offset decommissioning expenses. Sizewell C is a planned 3,200 MWe nuclear power station featuring two European Pressurised Reactor (EPR) units, aiming to contribute about 7 percent of the UK’s electricity once operational. The project, backed by the UK government and several investors, received final
energynuclear-energyrecyclingsustainable-constructioncircular-economyconcrete-reusedecommissioningE-bike Refurbisher Upway Raises $60M In Funding - CleanTechnica
Upway, an e-bike refurbishing company founded in 2021, has raised $60 million in a Series C funding round, bringing its total funding to over $125 million. The new capital will support Upway’s expansion in the U.S., creation of over 2,000 jobs, and efforts to make e-bikes more accessible through financing, insurance, maintenance, and subscription services. Upway focuses on giving used e-bikes a second life by refurbishing them to meet strict safety and performance standards, offering customers reliable, affordable alternatives to new e-bikes at an average discount of 45%, saving buyers about $1,000 per bike. The global refurbished e-bike market was valued at approximately $5 billion in 2024 and is expected to grow to $12-13 billion by 2034, presenting significant growth opportunities for Upway. Since its launch, the company has refurbished and sold over 100,000 e-bikes across nine countries, including the U.S
energyelectric-bikesrefurbished-e-bikessustainable-mobilitycircular-economyclean-transportatione-bike-marketHong Kong installation turns 9,200 recycled masks into public seating
The Tidal Stories installation in Tai Kok Tsui transforms over 9,200 recycled surgical masks collected from a local elderly care center into durable public seating, creating a unique urban space that reflects more than a century of coastal and urban change. Designed by Design PY, the helical structure serves as a physical timeline, illustrating Tai Kok Tsui’s evolution from a coastal settlement to an industrial and reclaimed area. Engraved metal tabletops embedded in the installation depict historical shorelines and industrial zones, linking the neighborhood’s maritime and workshop heritage with contemporary public use. The project emphasizes sustainability and community engagement through its modular construction, allowing easy transport and future reuse of components as individual chairs. Small solar panels provide off-grid lighting, highlighting renewable energy applications in public spaces. Collaboration with local printmakers introduced traditional letterpress techniques into interpretive panels, strengthening cultural heritage connections. Co-creation workshops involving community members and elders helped shape the design and materials, fostering a deeper public understanding of circular production and environmental responsibility beyond
recycled-materialscircular-economysustainable-designsolar-energypublic-installationmodular-constructionrenewable-energyBottles, textile waste turned into valuable compounds with iron method
Researchers at Tokyo Metropolitan University, led by Professor Kotohiro Nomura, have developed a highly efficient and sustainable method to chemically recycle polyethylene terephthalate (PET) from bottles and textile waste. Their approach uses alcohols combined with an inexpensive and widely available iron catalyst, specifically iron(III) chloride (FeCl3), to selectively depolymerize PET into valuable terephthalic acid derivatives such as dimethyl terephthalate (DMT), diethyl terephthalate (DET), and bis(hydroxyethyl) terephthalate (BHET) with yields between 99.7% and 99.9%. This process operates under relatively mild temperatures (120–180 ºC) and does not require harsh acids or bases, making it a greener, cost-effective alternative to traditional chemical recycling methods. The method also benefits from the addition of a small amount of amine, which enhances catalytic activity without compromising selectivity. Importantly, this iron-cataly
materialschemical-recyclingPET-depolymerizationiron-catalystsustainable-materialsplastic-waste-recyclingcircular-economySwiss researchers pioneer robot-assisted recycling for EV lithium-ion batteries
Swiss researchers, led by the Bern University of Applied Sciences (BFH) under the CircuBAT project, have developed a pioneering robotic system to enhance the sustainable second life and recycling of electric vehicle (EV) lithium-ion batteries. This innovation aims to close the loop between battery production, use, and recycling by automating the dismantling, sorting, and upcycling processes, which have traditionally been labor-intensive and hazardous. The system, designed at the Swiss Battery Technology Center (SBTC), uses precision robotics to safely separate battery modules and recover high-quality raw materials with minimal manual handling, thereby improving recycling efficiency and reducing environmental impact. In addition to recycling, the project introduced a “Battery Expert System” that analyzes aging patterns of thousands of cells to identify those suitable for repair or repurposing, enabling retired EV batteries to be reused as stationary energy storage systems for buildings or renewable energy grids. The researchers also developed automated dismantling methods, direct material recovery techniques, and novel electrode coatings that lower energy consumption
roboticselectric-vehicleslithium-ion-batteriesbattery-recyclingsustainable-energyautomated-dismantlingcircular-economyUK: 150 recyclable wind turbine blades to power a million homes
The UK’s Sofia Offshore Wind Farm, a 1.4 GW project located 121 miles off the east coast, is set to power approximately 1.2 million homes upon its expected operational start in 2026. RWE, the global energy company behind the project, has completed the first large-scale installation of recyclable wind turbine blades in the UK, marking a significant advancement in circular technology for offshore wind energy. The wind farm features 50 Siemens Gamesa turbines, each equipped with three 108-meter recyclable blades, designed to efficiently harness the strong and steady winds of the North Sea. Construction is progressing on schedule, with over half of the 100 turbines installed and the project anticipated to begin commercial operations by September 2026. Siemens Gamesa developed a special resin for these blades, allowing the composite materials to be easily separated and reused at the end of their lifecycle, supporting a circular economy by diverting waste from landfills. This innovation enables materials from old blades to be repur
energyrenewable-energywind-turbinesrecyclable-materialsoffshore-wind-farmsustainable-energycircular-economyChina could meet half of construction demand with recycled sand: Study
A study led by Tsinghua University reveals that recycled sand and gravel from demolished buildings could meet up to half of China’s construction material demand by 2050. Utilizing advanced recycling technologies and circular economy practices, some provinces could recover as much as 65 percent of aggregates, significantly reducing reliance on natural resources. This shift is critical as China, the world’s largest consumer of aggregates due to its extensive infrastructure projects, seeks to alleviate environmental degradation caused by traditional extraction methods like riverbed sand mining. The researchers developed the China Aggregate Metabolism Provincial Scenarios (CHAMPS) model to analyze aggregate supply and demand across 31 provinces from 1978 to 2050. Their findings indicate that aggregate demand peaked in 2015 and is expected to decline by about 50 percent by 2050. Recycling rates, currently below 20 percent, could increase to between 35 and 65 percent with proper policy support, enabling recycled aggregates to constitute nearly half of the total supply and surpass manufactured aggregates
materialsrecyclingconstructionsustainable-buildingcircular-economyaggregatesChinaHyundai Motor Group & Rhode Island School of Design Continue Partnership Exploring Advanced Biodesign and the Future of Mobility - CleanTechnica
Hyundai Motor Group and the Rhode Island School of Design (RISD) are continuing their sixth-year research partnership focused on the intersection of biodesign, biomimicry, advanced art and design practices, and the future of mobility. The collaboration centers on the 2025–26 theme of “Tangible Futures,” engaging RISD faculty, students, and Hyundai designers from Hyundai, Genesis, and Kia to explore innovative materials, manufacturing methods, products, services, and experiences that promote a more circular and sustainable relationship between humans and the planet. The Regeneration Studio at RISD’s Edna W. Lawrence Nature Lab leads this initiative, combining scientific research with creative design to develop regenerative and human-centered mobility solutions inspired by nature. The partnership includes a comprehensive academic program featuring a fall biodesign studio, a spring advanced studio course, and an extended summer research opportunity with weeklong intensives and fellowships for Hyundai designers and engineers. These interdisciplinary courses foster collaboration between students, faculty, and Hyundai
materialssustainable-designbiodesignmobility-innovationHyundai-Motor-Groupbiomimicrycircular-economyMacroCycle found a shortcut for plastic recycling — catch it at TechCrunch Disrupt 2025
MacroCycle, a startup co-founded by Stewart Peña Feliz, has developed an innovative plastic recycling technology that promises to make recycled plastic as inexpensive as virgin material. Unlike traditional chemical recycling methods that break down plastic polymers into monomers, MacroCycle’s process loops polymer chains into macrocycles, which allows contaminants to be washed away and later reforms the polymers without retracing all the energy-intensive steps. This approach uses 80% less energy than producing virgin polyester, significantly outperforming other chemical recycling processes that only reduce energy use by 20-30%. The company is scaling up production with a reactor capable of producing 100-kilogram batches and is already generating revenue from fashion brands interested in sustainable materials. Peña Feliz, who previously managed ExxonMobil’s chemical recycling plant, recognized the environmental and energy drawbacks of existing methods and pursued a more efficient solution in collaboration with MIT postdoc Jan-Georg Rosenboom. Since starting the business in 2022, MacroCycle has raised $6.5 million in seed
plastic-recyclingsustainable-materialschemical-recyclingpolymer-scienceenergy-efficiencycircular-economytextile-recyclingChina achieves 99.6% recovery of materials from retired EV batteries
China has made significant progress in electric vehicle (EV) battery recycling, achieving a 99.6% recovery rate for key materials such as nickel, cobalt, and manganese, with lithium recovery reaching 96.5%. This success follows the implementation of new national standards for dismantling, testing, and recycling retired EV batteries, now totaling 22 regulations. These standards, widely adopted across the industry, promote environmental sustainability and economic circularity by enabling efficient material recovery and reuse. For example, facilities like the Battery Science & Technology workshop in Tianjin employ processes including dismantling, crushing, and purification to recover over 95% of lithium for new battery production. China is also strengthening its leadership in global battery recycling standards by establishing a national technical committee that includes experts from all stages of the battery lifecycle. This committee, led by the General Administration of Market Supervision and the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, aims to unify standards for batteries used in vehicles, ships, and energy storage systems. Chinese experts
energyelectric-vehiclesbattery-recyclingmaterials-recoverysustainabilitylithium-batteriescircular-economyEurope’s e-waste could yield over 1 million tons of critical materials
A recent report by the EU-funded FutuRaM consortium reveals that Europe’s electronic waste (e-waste) contains an untapped "urban mine" of over 1 million tons of critical raw materials (CRMs) annually. In 2022, Europe generated 10.7 million tonnes of e-waste, but nearly half (46%) was lost through non-compliant disposal methods such as landfills and incineration, resulting in significant material losses. From the e-waste that was properly treated, about 400,000 tonnes of CRMs—including copper, aluminum, silicon, tungsten, and palladium—were recovered. The report projects that by 2050, e-waste volume could rise to between 12.5 and 19 million tonnes annually, with CRMs increasing to 1.2 to 1.9 million tonnes, and recovery potentially exceeding 1.5 million tonnes per year. The findings underscore Europe’s heavy reliance on imports for over 90
energymaterialse-wasterecyclingcritical-raw-materialscircular-economysustainabilityEngineers grow edible plastic from useless junk using yeast-like fungus
Biophelion, a German biotech startup spun off from the Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, has developed an innovative biotechnological process that uses a black yeast-like fungus to convert carbon-rich industrial waste into valuable, recyclable materials. This fungus, notable for thriving in extreme and toxic environments, metabolizes waste streams from industries such as bioethanol production, sugar processing, and paper manufacturing, transforming embedded carbon into useful compounds rather than allowing it to escape as CO2. The startup’s approach aims to decarbonize the chemical industry—a significant global CO2 emitter—by producing bio-based polyester for packaging, the edible polymer pullulan used in food, and a novel biodegradable surfactant still under research. Biophelion is exploring novel applications for these materials, including using pullulan as a sustainable 3D printing material to potentially replace petroleum-based plastics in additive manufacturing. Long-term visions include producing 3D-printed bioreactors from pullulan that could
materialssustainable-materialsbioplasticsfungal-bioprocessingindustrial-waste-recyclingbiodegradable-polymerscircular-economyWorld-first electric deconstruction advances sustainable transformation
The world’s first fully electric deconstruction project has been successfully completed in Erlangen, Germany, marking a significant milestone in sustainable urban development. The project utilized a fleet of all-electric construction machines from Volvo Construction Equipment (Volvo CE) and Volvo Trucks, in partnership with Siemens and Metzner Recycling. This initiative demonstrated high-performance demolition and materials processing across a 25,000 cubic meter site, handling approximately 12,800 tons of construction waste. Impressively, 96% of this waste was recycled into raw materials, showcasing a strong commitment to circular construction practices and reducing reliance on fossil fuels. This pioneering effort eliminated tailpipe emissions, cut CO₂ emissions substantially, and reduced noise pollution, addressing key urban environmental challenges. The project also exemplifies the power of cross-sector collaboration among original equipment manufacturers (OEMs), contractors, real estate stakeholders, and local energy providers in accelerating sustainable construction. Leaders from Volvo CE, Siemens Real Estate, and Metzner Recycling emphasized that this initiative not only proves the
energysustainable-constructionelectric-machinerycircular-economyVolvo-CEemission-free-operationsrecycling-materialsHow Bill Gates’s fellowship program is adapting to global uncertainty
Bill Gates’s climate tech organization, Breakthrough Energy, is adapting its fellowship program to address growing global uncertainty, including economic challenges and shifting policy priorities. The program, which supports startups led by budding entrepreneurs, has announced a new cohort of 45 fellows across 22 startups, marking its most globally diverse group yet—with half of the teams based outside the U.S., including locations in Asia, Canada, Germany, the U.K., and South Africa. This international emphasis is partly driven by the opening of a new fellowship hub in Singapore in partnership with Temasek and Enterprise Singapore, reflecting the recognition that climate change solutions must be globally sourced and locally tailored. The new cohort focuses on areas such as hydrogen, circularity (recycling materials), critical minerals, agriculture, and grid modernization, with particular attention to regional priorities like Asia’s interest in hydrogen and recycling due to its manufacturing footprint. The fellowship’s curriculum has also evolved to emphasize techno-economic analysis, encouraging startups to rigorously assess the economic viability of
energyclimate-techhydrogen-economycircular-economycritical-mineralsgrid-modernizationstartup-innovationFukushima football club unveils Japan's first circular timber stadium
Fukushima United FC, in collaboration with architecture startup VUILD, has unveiled plans for Japan’s first circular timber stadium in Fukushima Prefecture. The 5,000-seat venue is designed with sustainability and circular construction principles at its core, using laminated wood sourced locally from Fukushima forests. The stadium’s components are engineered for disassembly and reuse, promoting recycling of local resources. Its seating is distributed into four separate volumes with individual entrances, maintaining a human scale and fostering community accessibility. The design draws inspiration from Japan’s Shikinen Sengu tradition of ritual shrine rebuilding, emphasizing cycles of resources, community, and craftsmanship. This includes reforestation efforts, woodworking education, and participatory construction to regenerate local skills and materials. Structurally, the stadium features hyperbolic paraboloid timber shells forming the roof, allowing for cantilevered spans and referencing the steep thatched roofs of historic Ōuchi-juku. Passive energy strategies address Fukushima’s climate by optimizing shading, ventilation, insulation,
materialssustainable-architecturetimber-constructioncircular-economyenergy-efficiencypassive-energy-designrecyclingFukushima football club unveils Japan's first circular timber stadiumFFFFukushima
Fukushima United FC, in collaboration with architecture startup VUILD, has announced plans to build Japan’s first circular timber stadium in Fukushima Prefecture. The 5,000-seat venue will emphasize sustainability and circular construction by using locally sourced laminated wood designed for disassembly and reuse. The stadium’s seating is distributed across four volumes with separate entrances to maintain a human scale, and the timber framework reflects a circular model aimed at recycling local resources. The design draws inspiration from the Japanese Shikinen Sengu tradition of ritual rebuilding, applying this concept to cycles of resources, community, and craftsmanship through reforestation, woodworking education, and participatory construction. Structurally, the roof employs hyperbolic paraboloid shells made from small timber members, allowing cantilevered spans and referencing the steep thatched roofs of Fukushima’s historic Ōuchi-juku town. Passive energy strategies are integrated to adapt to the local climate, including shading, natural ventilation, insulation, and systems to collect rainwater and
materialssustainable-constructiontimber-architecturecircular-economyenergy-efficiencypassive-energy-designreforestationUK's first recycled EV battery cells cut carbon emissions by 32%
Altilium and Jaguar Land Rover (JLR) have unveiled the UK’s first electric vehicle (EV) battery cells made using recycled cathode and anode materials, showcased at Cenex Expo 2025. These automotive-grade NMC 811 multilayer pouch cells incorporate cathode active material (CAM) recovered from end-of-life EV batteries via Altilium’s EcoCathode process, achieving recycled content levels that meet EU 2036 targets. Initial tests demonstrated performance on par with conventional materials, with JLR conducting further validation. Additionally, single-layer pouch cells with 100% recycled cathode and graphite anode materials were produced and integrated into a virtual reality model of the Jaguar I-PACE battery pack, highlighting the practical application of recycled components. An independent Life Cycle Assessment by Minviro confirmed significant environmental benefits, showing that using 100% recycled CAM in NMC 811 cells could reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 32% compared to virgin materials sourced from Asia. Other environmental impacts
energyelectric-vehiclesbattery-recyclingsustainable-materialsEV-batteriescarbon-emissions-reductioncircular-economyWorld's first method turns plastic into fuel with 95% efficiency
A collaborative team of scientists from the US and China has developed the world’s first one-step method to convert mixed plastic waste into petrol with over 95% efficiency at room temperature and ambient pressure. This low-energy process simultaneously produces gasoline-range hydrocarbons, chemical raw materials, and hydrochloric acid, enabling a circular economy approach by turning diverse plastic waste into valuable products in a single step. The method uses light isoalkanes, refinery byproducts, to break down plastics, yielding hydrocarbons primarily composed of six to twelve carbon atoms, the main constituents of gasoline. The hydrochloric acid byproduct can be safely neutralized and reused, potentially replacing several energy-intensive industrial production routes. A significant innovation of this method is its ability to handle polyvinyl chloride (PVC), a challenging plastic due to its chlorine content, which traditionally requires separate, high-temperature dechlorination steps to avoid toxic emissions. The new process integrates dechlorination with fuel production, converting PVC into chlorine-free fuel hydrocarbons and hydrochloric
energyplastic-recyclingfuel-conversionsustainable-technologycircular-economychemical-upcyclingwaste-to-energyUK's 1.4 GW offshore wind farm gets recyclable turbine blades
The UK’s Sofia Offshore Wind Farm, located about 121 miles off the northeast coast of England on Dogger Bank, is pioneering the large-scale use of recyclable wind turbine blades. Developed by German energy company RWE in partnership with Siemens Gamesa, half of the planned 150 recyclable blades have already been installed on 50 of the farm’s 100 turbines, with full installation expected by the end of 2025. These blades are made from an innovative resin designed for circular recycling, allowing materials to be separated and repurposed into products such as vehicle components and consumer goods once the blades reach the end of their operational life. Sofia is one of Europe’s largest offshore renewable energy projects, projected to generate up to 1.4 gigawatts (GW) of clean electricity—enough to power approximately 1.2 million UK homes. The turbines used are Siemens Gamesa SG 14-222 models, featuring 108-meter-long blades and a rotor diameter of 222 meters
energyrenewable-energyoffshore-wind-farmrecyclable-turbine-bladescircular-economySiemens-Gamesasustainable-materialsScientists make recycling method for dry-processed Li-ion cathodes
Scientists at the MEET Battery Research Center and the University of Münster have developed an innovative recycling method for dry-processed lithium-ion battery cathodes, advancing sustainable and circular battery production. Unlike traditional wet processing, which uses solvent-based slurries, dry processing employs polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) as a binder, eliminating costly and toxic solvents. The new recycling technique leverages mild mechanical milling to delaminate and recover cathode materials from aluminum current collectors without harsh chemicals or high heat, preserving the integrity of active materials and the PTFE binder network for direct reuse in battery manufacturing. This approach not only supports greener battery production but also proves economically viable. Tests demonstrated that electrodes made from recycled materials perform comparably to those from new composites. A life-cycle cost assessment indicated that even at a low scrap rate of 5%, the method reduces electrode processing costs by about 2.6% (approximately USD 0.8 per kWh) and lowers carbon emissions by around 2
energylithium-ion-batteriesbattery-recyclingdry-electrode-processingsustainable-materialscircular-economyEV-batteriesDead EV batteries hold 80% lithium, offering recycling potential
A recent Australian study highlights that discarded electric vehicle (EV) lithium-ion batteries still retain about 80% of their lithium content, presenting a significant opportunity for recycling. Recycling these batteries not only recovers high-purity lithium (near 99%) but also valuable metals like nickel and cobalt. Compared to traditional lithium mining, recycling reduces carbon emissions by 61%, energy use by 83%, and water consumption by 79%, making it a cleaner and more sustainable approach. With the global lithium-ion battery market expected to grow 13% annually and battery waste projected to reach 137,000 tons per year in Australia alone, recycling could address both environmental and economic challenges, including job creation and waste reduction. Despite these benefits, challenges remain, such as rapidly evolving battery chemistries and lagging policy development, which complicate recycling processes. Experts emphasize the need for investment in infrastructure to support a circular economy for lithium batteries. While companies like Belgium’s Umicore, the U.S.’s Redwood
energylithium-ion-batteriesbattery-recyclingelectric-vehiclessustainable-materialscarbon-emissions-reductioncircular-economyUS' lithium battery recycling plant offers yield exceeding 97%
Princeton NuEnergy (PNE) has launched the United States’ first commercial-scale battery recycling facility in Chester, South Carolina, achieving a recycling yield exceeding 97%. This advanced plant produces battery-grade cathode active materials and critical battery minerals domestically, supporting a secure and circular U.S. battery supply chain. The facility is fully permitted, surpasses industry recovery norms, and plans to expand capacity from 15,000 tons per annum (tpa) in 2026 to potentially 50,000 tpa as demand grows. PNE’s technology, developed from Princeton University research, utilizes a patented low-temperature plasma-assisted separation process (LPAS) that recovers nearly all lithium-ion materials across battery chemistries, offering a 38% cost reduction and 69% lower environmental footprint compared to conventional methods. PNE is also advancing direct recycling technologies through a joint pilot facility in Texas and operates the largest Materials Testing Center in the U.S. northeast, facilitating third-party validation and accelerating
energybattery-recyclinglithium-batteriesmaterials-recoverycircular-economysupply-chainsustainable-energyScientists take leaf out of nature’s book to reinvent plastic
Researchers at Washington University in St. Louis have developed a novel biodegradable plastic called LEAFF (Layered, Ecological, Advanced, and multi-Functional Film) inspired by the structure of a leaf. By embedding cellulose nanofibers between two layers of bioplastic, LEAFF overcomes common limitations of existing bioplastics such as polylactic acid (PLA) and polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), which typically lack durability and require industrial composting to degrade. LEAFF not only matches but exceeds the tensile strength of conventional petroleum-based plastics like polyethylene and polypropylene. Additionally, its multilayer design improves food shelf life by reducing water and air permeability, and its printable surface eliminates the need for separate labels, reducing packaging costs. The innovation also aligns with circular economy principles, as the research team is exploring ways to produce LEAFF feedstocks from agricultural waste products like corn fermentation residues, lignin, and even carbon dioxide. This approach could help address the U.S. waste problem
bioplasticsbiodegradable-materialssustainable-packagingcellulose-nanofiberscircular-economyrenewable-materialsenvironmental-engineeringMIT unveils 3D printer that turns food scraps into household items
Researchers at MIT have developed the FOODres.AI Printer, a novel 3D printer that transforms food waste—such as banana peels, eggshells, coffee grounds, and flower stems—into useful household items like coffee mugs, coasters, and small bowls. The process begins with users photographing their food scraps via a companion app that employs AI-powered image recognition to identify the waste type. The app then suggests printable object designs, and the printer converts the food waste into a bioplastic paste with natural additives. Using a heated extruder system, the printer shapes the paste into the selected item, making the technology accessible even to those without prior 3D printing experience. This innovation addresses the significant environmental issue of food waste, which in the U.S. amounted to 66 million tons in 2019, much of which contributes to greenhouse gas emissions when sent to landfills. By enabling households and communities to repurpose scraps into functional goods, the FOODres.AI Printer promotes a circular
3D-printingsustainable-materialsbioplasticsfood-waste-recyclingcircular-economyAI-in-manufacturingeco-friendly-technologyAs Solar & Storage Dominate New Grid Additions, Industry Releases First-of-its-Kind Roadmap for Achieving a Circular Economy - CleanTechnica
The Solar Energy Industries Association (SEIA) has released a pioneering Circular Economy Roadmap aimed at transforming the U.S. solar and storage industry to sustainably manage the increasing volume of equipment reaching the end of its lifecycle. As solar and storage technologies now constitute the majority of new power capacity on the American grid, this roadmap outlines a strategic vision to reduce waste, extend product lifespans, and recover valuable materials. By adopting a circular economy model—decoupling economic growth from raw material consumption—the industry aims to lower costs, strengthen supply chains, bolster domestic manufacturing, and enhance U.S. energy security, all while fostering job creation and economic growth. The roadmap details a comprehensive action plan involving collaboration with federal, state, and local governments, manufacturers, academia, and other stakeholders. Key initiatives include developing national standards for recycling, reuse, and decommissioning of solar and storage equipment; creating demand for recovered raw materials; supporting research and development to overcome circular economy barriers; and establishing a national network for
energysolar-energyenergy-storagecircular-economysustainabilityrenewable-energyrecyclingCoffee waste gets a second life as stronger, low-emission bricks in Australia
Australian researchers at Swinburne University of Technology, led by Dr. Yat Wong, have developed sustainable bricks made from spent coffee grounds (SCGs), offering a significant reduction in construction-related carbon emissions. By blending coffee waste with clay and an alkali activator, these bricks can be fired at just 200°C—about 80% lower than traditional brick firing temperatures—resulting in up to an 80% reduction in electricity-related CO₂ emissions per unit. This innovation not only diverts large quantities of coffee waste from landfills, thereby reducing methane emissions, but also produces bricks that exceed Australian minimum strength standards, making them both environmentally friendly and durable. Globally, around nine million tonnes of ground coffee are consumed annually, generating approximately 18 million tonnes of wet SCGs, much of which ends up in landfills contributing to greenhouse gas emissions. In Australia alone, over 1.3 million cups of coffee are sold daily, producing about 10,000 tonnes of coffee
energysustainable-materialslow-emission-brickscoffee-waste-recyclinggreen-constructioncarbon-footprint-reductioncircular-economyLynk & Co Unveils Revised Sustainability Strategy in 2024 Report - CleanTechnica
Lynk & Co International has released its 2024 Sustainability Report, outlining a revised strategy focused on advancing sustainable mobility through intensified climate action, circular economy initiatives, and strengthened governance. The updated strategy, developed using a double materiality assessment and aligned with the CSRD/ESRS framework, centers on three pillars: Climate Action, Circular Economy, and Responsible Business. The company has set ambitious targets including achieving net-zero greenhouse gas emissions across its entire value chain by 2044, reducing car life-cycle CO₂e emissions by 50% by 2030, and sourcing 100% renewable electricity for battery production by 2025. Key achievements in 2024 include the launch of Lynk & Co’s first fully electric vehicle in Europe, the Lynk & Co 02, a 54% reduction in total emissions since 2022, and over 6,000 peer-to-peer car-sharing sessions generating €400,000 in payments to car owners via the company’s platform.
energysustainabilityelectric-vehiclesrenewable-energyclimate-actioncircular-economycarbon-emissions-reductionThe Moment to Make Automotive Steel More Circular Is Now - CleanTechnica
The article from CleanTechnica highlights the urgent need for the European Union to enhance circularity in automotive steel production. Despite the automotive sector being the EU’s second-largest steel consumer, only 6% of the steel used in cars comes from recycled scrap, far below the 56% average across all sectors. This low recycling rate is primarily due to contamination—especially copper from parts like wire harnesses—that occurs when old vehicles are shredded, rendering the steel unsuitable for reuse in new cars. The upcoming revision of the EU’s End-of-Life Vehicles (ELV) Regulation presents a critical opportunity to address this issue by introducing mandatory recycled steel content targets and quality standards. To unlock a market for higher-quality recycled steel, the article argues that EU policymakers should set a target of 30% recycled steel content in new cars by 2030, coupled with local content requirements to support European recyclers and reduce reliance on imported raw materials. Additionally, quality standards must be established to limit copper contamination in shredded scrap
energymaterialsautomotive-steelrecyclingcircular-economyEU-policysustainable-manufacturingWorld-first aerospace-grade recycled aluminum procured from jet junk
Constellium, a French-based aluminum manufacturer, has achieved a world-first by producing aerospace-grade aluminum ingots made entirely from recycled end-of-life aircraft. Unveiled at the 55th Paris Air Show in June 2025, this breakthrough was developed in collaboration with TARMAC Aerosave and Airbus, demonstrating that high-performance aluminum alloys can be fully recycled without compromising structural integrity or performance. The recycled aluminum meets the stringent mechanical and metallurgical standards required for next-generation aircraft manufacturing, validating the feasibility of a circular economy model in aviation metals. TARMAC Aerosave, specializing in eco-friendly aircraft dismantling and recycling, supplies the raw material and boasts a recycling rate exceeding 92 percent. The partnership with Constellium and Airbus aligns with global decarbonization goals, as recycling aluminum consumes only 5 percent of the energy needed for primary production and cuts carbon emissions by 95 percent. Alongside the recycled ingot, Constellium showcased its Airware aluminum-lithium alloy
materialsrecycled-aluminumaerospace-grade-alloyssustainable-aviationcircular-economyaluminum-lithium-alloysaircraft-recyclingVolvo Cars to Use Recycled Steel in Next EV - CleanTechnica
Volvo Cars is advancing its sustainability efforts by committing to use high-quality, recycled, and near zero-emissions steel supplied by SSAB starting in 2025. This makes Volvo the first automaker to secure such a deal for mass-produced vehicles. The recycled steel will initially be incorporated into the upcoming fully electric Volvo EX60 SUV and future SPA3 architecture models. Volvo emphasizes that this recycled steel meets the same stringent safety and durability standards as traditional steel, aligning with its reputation for safety and environmental responsibility. The move is part of Volvo’s broader strategy to reduce its carbon footprint, as steel production accounts for about 25% of material-related emissions in its cars. The company aims to cut average CO2 emissions of its vehicles by 65–75% by 2030 compared to 2018 levels and achieve net-zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2040. Volvo also plans for an average of 30% recycled content across its fleet by 2030, with new models from that year containing
energymaterialsrecycled-steelelectric-vehiclessustainabilitycircular-economyVolvo-CarsWorld Environment Day Calls On You To #BeatPlasticPollution - CleanTechnica
The article highlights the urgent call by the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) for global action to #BeatPlasticPollution, the theme of World Environment Day 2025. It emphasizes the critical importance of addressing the full lifecycle of plastics—from production to disposal—rather than relying solely on recycling. With over 460 million tons of plastic produced annually, plastics and microplastics have become pervasive pollutants, infiltrating terrestrial and marine ecosystems, soils, the atmosphere, and even human bodies, including lungs, blood, and fetuses. This widespread contamination poses serious threats to human health, planetary ecosystems, and economic stability. The article also notes that plastics contribute significantly to carbon emissions and are filling oceans, harming marine life and coastal communities. South Korea, the 2025 World Environment Day host, is identified as the fourth largest producer of plastic polymers globally, underscoring the challenge of plastic pollution even among environmentally engaged nations. The article draws attention to the prevalence of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastics, which constitute about 50% of microplastics in wastewater and 12% of global solid waste, highlighting ongoing research into biodegradation methods. Looking ahead, plastic production is projected to triple by 2060 unless decisive global measures are taken. A key upcoming event is the August 2025 vote in Geneva on a global plastics treaty aimed at banning certain plastics, though progress faces resistance from petrochemical-producing countries. Advocates stress the need to “turn off the plastics tap” and implement systemic changes to reduce plastic pollution worldwide.
materialsplastic-pollutionmicroplasticscircular-economysustainable-materialsenvironmental-impactpolymer-productionEV makers can cut rare earth use by 15% with new design tool: Study
energymaterialselectric-vehiclescircular-economyrare-earth-elementsremanufacturingsustainability